A. On to Canada Over Land and Lakes
1. Army/militia in bad shape, divided country
2. 3-pronged attack on C, beaten back, A fort captured, some victories on Great Lakes, Gen Harrison on Battle of the Thames, still losing by 1814 (Napoleon defeated, so B sent troops to A)
3. New B troops attacked 9/11/1814 on Lake Champlain (NY), A surpr. Won
B. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended
1. 8/1814, B landed in Chesapeake area, burnt White House, Capitol, attacked Baltimore, but beaten off
a. Francis Scot Key wrote Star Spangled Banner watching Baltimore
2. Andrew Jackson led A to victory at New Orleans, 1/1815, but Treaty of Ghent already signed 2 wks earlier
3. U.S.S. Constitution won against B ship, but A economy suffered
C. Treaty of Ghent
1. Alexander I of Russia started peace talks for A and B in Belgium, A: John Quincy Adams (son of JA) and Henry Clay
2. Signed 12/1814, neither side won anything, A didn’t complain about reasons for starting war (Orders of Council, impressment, etc)
D. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention
1. Feds against war, NE discontent, Hartford Convention: 1814, MA invited CT, RI, NH, VT to talk about grievances, wanted 2/3 vote in Congress before war, embargo or new states, also $ for trade loss
2. James Monroe won presidency over Fed candidate
E. The Second War for American Independence
1. A more respected after War of 1812, more united, manufacturing ↑
2. Indians ceded land N of OH river
3. C and A relations ↓, ‘arms-race’ on Great Lakes
a. 1817 Rush-Bagot agrmt: limited navy on Lakes, (1870s share border)
F. Nascent Nationalism:↑ military, A writing, textbooks, better capital, 1816 Congress revived Bank of US, won skirmishes w/ N African pirates
G. “The American System”
1. A manufacturing ↑, B compete, Tariff of 1816 protected A w/ import tax
2. 1824 American System (Henry Clay)3 parts: strong banking system, protective tariff, network of roads/canals in OH
3. JM vetoed attempt to give $1.5 mil to states for roads, but states built anyway, Erie Canal 1825
H. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings
1. 1816, James Monroe president, serene Virginian, toured A 1817, people loved him, called Era of Good Feelings
2. Land, economic, sectionalism, slavery issues rising
3. 1819 economic trouble hit West worst, Bank of US foreclosed mortgages, became ‘enemy’ of frontiersmen, debtors jailed
I. Growing Pains of the West
1. 9 states added in West, alternately free or slave states, European settlers came
2. 1811 Cumberland Road from MD to IL, 1st steamboat also
3. 1820 Land Act: land at cheap prices; cheap transportation, wanted cheap $
J. Slavery and the Sectional Balance
1. 1819 Tallmadge amendment: no more slaves imported in MO, emancipation of slave children hindered MO in becoming slave state, defeated later
2. N becoming stronger, maj. in House, but 11 S and 11 N in Senate
K. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise
1. MO became slave state, but Maine (ME) became free state (12:12)
2. No slaves north of 36°30’ (S border of MO)
3. Compromise lasted 34 yrs, Monroe elected again
L. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism
1. 1819 McCulloch vs. MD: MD tried to tax Bank of US, Supreme Court declared unconstitutional
2. 1821 Cohens vs. VA: Cohens found guilty in VA, appealed to SupCt, affirmed VA decision, made SupCt able to review state decisions
3. 1824 Gibbons vs. Ogden: steamboat monopoly btwn NY and NJ, SupCt asserted right to decide interstate commerce
4. 1810 Fletcher vs. Peck: GA sold property, later GA repealed, but SupCt declared that was contract, asserted authority in state affairs
5. 1819 Dartmouth College vs. Woodward: NH wanted to take away college’s royal charter, SupCt ruled for original charter
M. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida
1. Monroe Sec of State: John Quincy Adams
2. Treaty of 1818 w/ B, sharing Newfoundland fisheries w/ C, 49th parallel border, 10-year joint occupation of OR Country
3. Western FL taken during War of 1812, ratified by Congres
4. S Am revolutions starting 1816 (Chile, Venezuela, Argentina), diverted S attention, NA/ex-slaves/outcasts from FL attacked A
5. Gen. Andrew Jackson in 1818 defeated most of FL
6. Florida ‘Purchase’ Treaty of 1819: A got FL and no S control of OR, gave up claims to TX
N. The Menace of Monarchy in America
1. In Europe, monarchs crushed rebellions in Italy 1821 and Spain 1823, rumors of European powers banding together to restore S throne in SA
2. Russians took land from Alaska down to SF Bay
3. 1823, B minister George Canning wanted A to sign treaty w/ B renouncing any claim to LA and warn E away from LA
O. Monroe and His Doctrine
1. 1823 Monroe Doctrine: non-colonization and non-intervention
a. Countries keep what they have, no more taking
b. US would not intervene in any war
2. Didn’t accept B proposal, safe from Europe anyway (no plans to attack A, B protection), suspected B wanted to tie A’s hands with the WI
P. Monroe’s Doctrine Appraised
1. Little splash in European/LA plans; B navy stood in way
2. Russo-American Treaty of 1824: Russian territory ended with Alaska
3. Doctrine not law, twisted/added to by later presidents, not powerful
Q. Timeline p. 254 (1810: Fletcher vs. Peck – 1825 Erie Canal compl.)