A. “Nullies” in South Carolina
1. SC still angry over Tariff of 1828
2. Congress passed Tariff of 1832, lowered taxes to level of Tariff of 1824
3. SC (palmetto ribbons) declared Tariff null in SC, threatened to secede
4. AJ prepared to go to war over it
5. Henry Clay, AJ enemy, pushed for Tariff of 1833, reduce tax a lot, passed
6. Congress also passed Force Bill (can use military force to collect taxes)
7. SC convention met to repeal nullification, but compromise considered victory in S, proposed secession for real
B. The Bank as a Political Football
1. AJ distrusted Bank of US (BUS)
2. Henry Clay pushed bill to renew its charter in 1832, to ↓ AJ popularity
a. If signed, W turn against AJ, if vetoed, NE against him
3. AJ defied SupCt, declared BUS unconstitutional, implied exec branch more powerful/= to judicial and legis, anti-A (foreign investors)
4. Won more support of W, lost NE
C. Brickbats and Bouquets for the Bank
1. Pres of BUS: Nicholas Biddle, BUS autocratic, corrupted, bribed
2. Was good financially, helped banks survive, issued sound money
D. “Old Hickory” Wallops Clay in 1832
1. Clay (Nationalist Repub) vs. AJ (Dem) in pres election of 1832
2. Anti-Masonist party rose, (anti-secrecy), church support, AJ was a Mason
3. Clay had good chances, with $, solid citizens, Webster on his side
4. AJ had support of masses, won again
E. Badgering Biddle’s Bank
1. AJ stopped depositing fed $ in BUS, used up deposits, deposited in state banks, BUS charter to fail in 4 yrs (1836)
2. AJ passed bill: must use hard cash to pay for land, upset W
F. Transplanting the Tribes
1. Many whites wanted to assimilate NA, Congress 1793 gave $ to increase education among them, negotiated treaties
2. Cherokee National Council drafted a constitution, were considered one of 5 ‘civilized tribes’ (Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles)
3. 1828 GA declared Cherokees illegal, Cherokees appealed to SupCt, in favor of NA rights 3 times, but AJ ignored it
4. 1830 Indian Removal Act, NA forcibly removed to west of MS River
a. Lasted 15 yrs as A pushed W
5. Saux and Fox tribes (IL,WA) led by Black Hawk resisted, Capt AL and others crushed them 1832
6. Seminoles in FL fought 7 yrs, ended 1842, costliest A/NA conflict
G. The Lone Star of Texas Flickers
1. Mexico won independence from S, 1823 agreement with A Stephen Austin to bring 300 A families into TX, all Roman-Catholic, become Mexicans
a. Ignored last 2, some Texans were convicts (G.T.T.), Davy Crockett, James Bowie, ex-TN governor Sam Houston
2. Conflicts w/ slavery (M = no slaves, A = yes), Stephen Austin thrown in jail in Mexico City when went to negotiate
3. 1835 Dictator Santa Anna, got rid of local rights, wanted to suppress TX
4. 1836, TX declared independence, Sam Houston as leader/general
5. At battle of Alamo, 200 TX slaughtered (Davy Crockett, James Bowie), 400 TX executed as pirates
6. Sam Houston led Santa Anna to San Jacinto (later Houston), 1836 defeated Santa Anna army during siesta hour, signed agreement to w/draw troops, recognize Rio Grande as TX southern border
a. Santa Anna later declared null b/c treaties signed under duress
H. Texas: An International Derelict
1. AJ recognized TX independence on last day of office
2. 1837 TX appealed for annexation, but slave issues in N rose
3. TX began looking for support from Europe
I. The Birth of the Whigs and the Election of 1836
1. AJ opponents formed party of Whigs, AJ called his party Democrats
2. Calhoun/Clay joined forces for Whigs, nominated many candidates in order to get indecision, then bring to House, where had power
3. AJ wanted Martin Van Buren as next pres, won
4. AJ good in ↑ exec branch power, ↓ in spoils system, messing up A finances
J. Big Woes for the “Little Magician”
1. 8th president, mild-mannered politicians, not popular with AJ supporters
2. 1837 rebellion in Canada, antislavery in N, opposition to TX, bad economy
K. Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury
1. 1837 panic, too much ‘wildcat’ cash, wheat crop failure
2. Banks in A failed by the hundreds, affected by E’s ↓ economy
3. Divorce Bill: est. independent treasury, passed 1840 as Independent Treasury
a. Whigs repealed it 1841, but 1846 passed again, the merged with FRS
L. “Tippecanoe” Vs. “Little Van”
1. Whig nominee: Gen. William Henry Harrison of Tippecanoe battle, sides not known, quiet citizen
2. Portrayed as a country farmer, when was an aristocrat, Van Buren born in poverty, portrayed as aristocrat
3. 1840, Harrison wins pop vote marginally, but a lot in Electoral College
M. The Two-Party System Emerges
1. Jacksonian Democrats vs. Whig ‘nationalists’
2. Both parties had support in all social classes although D generally poorer
3. Est. balance between parties, neither too extreme/radical
N. Timeline p. 294 (1823, Mexico accepts A Texans – 1840, Independent Treasury, Harrison beats Van Buren)