AP United States History
Mr. M. Pecot
Bailey, Chapter 2: The Planting of English America 1500-1733
I. The Beginnings of the English Empire
a) The state of the New World in 1600
1. South America, Latin America, and the Carribean
§ Significantly different than in 1492
- decimation of natives
- introduction of African slaves to sugar plantations in Carrib. and Brazil
2. North America (present day US and Canada)
§ still largely unexplored
§ few European settlements:
- Spain: Santa Fe (1610)
- France: Quebec (1608)
- Jamestown (1607)
b) English-Spanish Rivalry
1. Religious rivalry develops
§ Henry VIII splits with the Catholic Church in 1530
§ Ascension of Elizabeth to throne in 1558 ensures dominance of Protestantism in England
§ Ireland & Spain
- Catholic Irish seek aid of Spanish
- revolts crushed by Elizabeth's troops
- "wild Irish" (savage natives) dealt with harshly; lands confiscated and given to transplanted Protestant landlords.
II. Elizabethan England
a) The rise of English power
1. Sir Francis Drake and the "sea dogges"
§ semi-piratical, prey on Spanish shipping lanes
§ 1580 returns to England with Spanish gold, netting a 4600% profit
- QE knights Drake upon his return
2. Early attempts at colonization
§ Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1583) -- Newfoundland
§ Sir William Raleigh (1585 & 1587) -- Roanoke (Virginia)
- "The Lost Colony"
3. Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)
§ Phillip II
§ largest naval force ever assembled (up to that time)
§ marks the decline of Spain and the ascendancy of Britain
- GB unopposed by Spain in North America
- emerges as greatest naval power in world
- increased national unity and pride of Britons
- flowering of English literature ("the age of Shakespeare")
III. The English Empire
a) Factors behind colonization of New World
1. Population growth and unemployment
§ 1550-1600: up from 3 million to 4 million
§ Enclosure movement forces farmers off the land
§ Depression in the wool industry
2. Lure of land
§ primogeniture and ambitious younger sons
3. formation of joint-stock companies to fund efforts
IV. The Chesapeake Colonies
a) Virginia
1. Formation of the Virginia Company of London
§ goals
§ significance of the VA charter (English rights transferred abroad)
2. Beginnings of the Jamestown Colony (1607)
§ location
§ troubles
- death by disease, malnutrition, and starvation
§ emergence of Capt. John Smith (1608)
- the work/eat rule
- Smith and Pocahontas
§ "The Starving Time" (Winter 1609-10)
- 340/400 settlers die
§ Lord De La Warr
- new governor arrives 1610
- harsh discipline and aggressive action toward Indians
3. Anglo-Indian Relations
§ The Powhatan Confederacy
§ Anglo-Indian Conflicts
- 1607-1609: tenuous relationship strained by English raids on Powhatan food supplies
- 1610: Lord De La Warr and "Irish tactics" v. the Indians
- First Anglo-Powhatan War begins
- 1614: peace settlement (Rolfe and Pocahontas)
- 1622: Powhatan Massacre
- 347 settlers killed (1/3)
- beginning of English war of extermination
- 1644: Second Anglo-Powhatan War
- defeat of Indians and banishment
- formal separation from white settlements (beginning of reservation system)
§ Decline of Powhatans
4. Tobacco Economy
§ Introduction of tobacco
- 1612: John Rolfe introduces good tobacco to VA
- boom in tobacco leads to hunger for land (and conflict with Indians)
§ the legacy of Tobacco
- land intensive
- soil depletion
- labor intensive
- food imported
- arrival of first Africans in 1619
- indentured servants
5. Representative government in Virginia
§ House of Burgesses (1619)
b) Maryland (1634)
1. The founding of Maryland
§ Lord Baltimore (proprietor)
§ Goals
- creation of a "feudal" society
- Catholic refuge
2. Internal conflicts
§ Catholic aristocrats v. backcountry Protestants
3. Tobacco economy
§ like VA
§ indentured servants
4. Religious freedom
§ Act of Toleration (1649)
- Catholic response to the increase in numbers of Protestants
V. British Colonies in the Caribbean
a) The Sugar Economy
1. A rich man's crop
§ capital, labor, and land intensive
§ refining into sugar requires massive mills and a complex process
§ grown on large plantations
2. Slave-dependent
§ more than 250,000 slaves imported from 1640-1690
§ By 1700, black slaves outnumber white settlers 4:1
- results in a contol-based society
- Slave Codes
3. Reliance on a single cash-crop
§ large plantations grow only sugar; food and supplies imported from North America
VI. The Southern Colonies
a) The English Civil War and the Restoration
1. 1640-1649: English Civil War
§ "cavaliers" (supporters of the monarchy under Charles I) v. "roundheads" (supporters of Parliament under Oliver Cromwell)
2. 1649-1660: England ruled by a Parliamentary "Lord Protector" -- Oliver Cromwell
3. 1660: Restoration of the monarchy under Charles II
b) Carolina (1670)
1. Founding
§ a royal grant by Charles II to the "Lords Proprietors" (eight court favorites)
§ charter extends from "sea to sea"
2. Economy
§ tied to sugar islands of the Caribbean
§ slave trading in Indians
- done with aid of the coastal Savannah indians
- over 10,000 Indians from the interior shipped to the Caribbean and New England
§ Rice
- develops as the major export crop
- cultivated by West African slave labor
- experienced in rice cultivation
- natural immunity to malaria
- by 1710 there are more slaves than settlers in Carolina
§ Charles Town
c) North Carolina
1. Founding
§ area dominated by squatters
- backcountry farmers, religious dissenters, and outcasts from Virginia
§ officially separated from SC in 1712
2. Nature of NC settlers
§ the most democratic, independent-minded, and least aristocratic colony in the South
- reputation for being "irreligious and hospitable to pirates"
- independent-minded, resistant to authority
- "a vale of humility between to mountains of conceit"
3. Relations with natives
d) Georgia (1733)
1. Founding
§ A buffer state to protect the Carolinas against the Spanish in Florida and the French in Louisiana
§ promoted by philanthropists (especially James Oglethorpe) as a haven for those in debtor's prison
2. Characteristics
§ melting-pot
§ religious toleration for all Christians
§ slow growth of economy (slavery restricted until 1750 & Spanish attacks)
VII. The Plantation Colonies
a) Shared characteristics of the Plantation colonies