| President | Political Party | Policies | Domestic Affairs | Foreign Affairs | COMMENTS |
| George Washington 1789-1797 2 terms | None | · neutrality 1st and foremost- nation was militarily weak, economically wobbly, politically disunited · no permanent alliances- temporary ones ok · pro-federalist | · Bill of Rights added · establish cabinet (Secretary of State, Treasury, War, Attorney General) · Judiciary Act 1789 · 1st BUS born 1792 · Whiskey Rebellion 1794 · Battle of Fallen Timbers 1794 | · Jeffersonians support French Revolution · Neutrality Proclamation 1793 · Genet’s Affair · Jay’s Treaty 1795 · Pinckney’s Treaty 1795 | · precedent of 2 term tradition for presidents · political parties formed (Democratic - Republicans & Federalists) |
| John Adams 1797-1801 1 term | Federalist | · favored neutrality · believed in federal gov’t power- support in New England area | · Navy Dept. created & US Marine Corps established · Alien & Sedition Acts 1798 · VA & KY Resolutions · Judiciary Act 1801 | · XYZ Affair · Convention of 1800 terminated F-A treaty | · ineffective presidency b/c of 2 party combo (Thomas Jefferson was vice president) · despised Hamilton (head of Federalist war faction) & vise versa |
| Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 2 terms | Democratic - Republican | · best gov’t governed least · pro- state sovereignty · pro- agrarians- agriculture favored branch of gov’t- support in South & Southwest · gov’t for the people, but not by all the people · national debt was a bane · strict Constitution reading · favored peace | · killed Hamilton’s excise tax, but left rest of program · repealed Judiciary Act 1801 · Lewis and Clark expeditions · Marbury vs. Madison (1803)
| · Barbary Wars · Louisiana Purchase · US ships caught in war between Napoleon & Britain · Embargo Act 1807 · US participation in international slave trade abolished 1808 · Non-Intercourse Act 1809 | · “we are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” -Jefferson showed that a change of regime need not be disastrous for the defeated group
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| James Madison 1809-1817 2 terms | Democratic - Republican |
| · Cumberland Road 1811 · Tecumseh & Prophet defeated @ battle of Tippecanoe · BUS charter lapses, not renewed by Congress ·Hartford Convention · War Hawks manage to pass declaration of war · Andrew Jackson- Battle of Horseshoe Bend, invades Florida · 1st protective tariff 1816 | · Macon’s Bill No. 2 · Britain’s Orders in Council repealed 2 days before war · War of 1812 · Treaty of Ghent 1814 · US attempt to invade Canada fails · Rush Bagot Treaty 1817 |
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| James Monroe 1817-1825 2 terms | Democratic - Republican |
| · Panic of 1819 · western expansion emphasized ·Dartmouth v. Woodward 1819 · Land Act 1820 · sectional tensions growing · Missouri Compromise 1820 · Cohens v. VA 1821 · Denmark Vesey Rebellion 1822 · Gibbons v. Ogdens 1824 | · Treaty of 1818 · Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 · Monroe Doctrine 1823 · Russo-American Treaty 1824
| · Era of Good Feelings- solely one political party, Republicans, then split during 1820’s – National Republicans (Adams) & Democratic - Republicans (Jackson) · increased nationalism |
| John Quincy Adams * 1825-1829 1 term | Democratic - Republican | · didn’t believe in spoils system · confirmed nationalist · renewed Washington’s proposal for internal improvements | · Adams- Clay corrupt bargain · tried to deal fairly with the Indians, but GA gov’t resists attempt · Tariff of Abominations 1828 · “The South Carolina Expostion” by Calhoun |
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| Andrew Jackson 1829-1837 2 terms | Democrat | · Jacksonian Democracy - “the people shall rule” - increased turnout of votes proving that common people had the vote & would use it to their ends · reflected individualism, versatility, opportunism · laissez faire · supported spoils system · did not support internal improvements (roads, canals) | · Webster- Hayne Debate 1829 · Indian Removal Act 1830 · Nat Turner’s Rebellion 1831 · Nullification Crisis 1832 · vetoes recharter of BUS 1832 · Tariff of 1832 · Force Bill 1833 · vetoes Maysville Road · Texas Revolution 1836 & recognition 1837 · Specie Circular 1836 · Bank War 1836 |
| · Anti-Masonic party born |
| Martin Van Buren 1837-1841 1 term | Democrat | · did not support economic & social reforms | · Panic of 1937 · Divorce Bill // Independent Treasury Bill 1840 | · rebellion in Canada 1837 ignited incidents along northern frontier & threatened to start war with Britain | · 2 party system emerges: Democrats support states’ rights & federal restraints in social & economic affairs; Whigs favored protective tariff, internal improvements, moral reforms, abolition of slavery, public schools |
| William Harrison 1841 4 weeks | Whig | · didn’t believe in spoils system |
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| · nominated only b/c he was “issueless” and “enemy-less” – set a precedent of presidential nominations |
| John Tyler 1841-1845 < 1 term | Whig (Democratic tendencies) | · party supported nationalistic program · hostile towards centralized bank, tariffs, federally funded internal improvements | · repeal of Independent Treasury Bill · vetoed Fiscal Bank Bill & Fiscal Corporation Bill- approved redrafted bill · annexes Texas | · Caroline affair 1837 · Aroostook War 1842 · Ashburton-Webster Treaty |
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| James K. Polk * 1845-1849 1 term | Democrat | · 4 goals -acquire CA -acquire OR -lower tariff -restore independent treasury · Manifest Destiny | · Independent Treasury restored 1846 · Walker Tariff 1846 · Wilmot Proviso | · Oregon Compromise 1845 · Mexican War 1846-48 (acquires CA & TX) · Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1858 | · Free Soil Party born 1848 |
| Zachary Taylor 1849-1850 1 year | Whig |
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| · sectional tensions begin
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| Millard Fillmore 1850-1853 3 years | Whig | · supported all compromises | · Compromise of 1850 · Uncle Tom’s Cabin | · Clayton-Bulwer Treaty |
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| Franklin Pierce 1853-1857 1 term | Democrat | · favored expansion | · Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 · John Brown @ Pottawatomie Creek 1854 · Bleeding Kansas / Lecompton Constitution 1856 · Brooks-Sumner conflict 1856 | · Japan signs treaty w/ Commodore Perry in 1854 · Ostend Manifesto · Gadsden Purchase 1853 | · Whig party split (creating Republicans), allowing Pierce to win election · Know-Nothing Party born in election of 1856 |
| James Buchanan * 1857-1861 1 term | Democrat |
| · Dred Scott Case 1857 · Lecompton Constitution rejected 1857 · Panic of 1857 · Tariff of 1857 · Lincoln-Douglas Debate 1858 / Freeport Doctrine · Harper’s Ferry 1859 · Homestead Act 1860 · SC secedes 1861 · Confederate States form 1861 |
| · Democrats divide- Douglas seen as traitor by southern delegates |
| Abraham Lincoln * 1861-1865 1 term + 1 month | Republican / Union | · didn’t believe the Southern states ever left the Union · expanded presidential power: opposed Constitution by increasing size of federal army, suspending habeas corpus, & proclaiming blockade 1861 | · Crittenden Compromise 1861 · Civil War 1861-1865 · Homestead Act 1862 · Pacific Railway Act 1863 · Morrill Land Grant Act · Emancipation Proclamation 1863 · Lincoln’s 10% Reconstruction plan 1863 replaced by Wade-Davis Bill 1864, pocket-vetoed · Freedmen’s Bureau 1864 | · unneutral ship building by England causes tension – Trent & Alabama affairs · unofficial war with Canada (due to hatred @ England) causes Canada to unite as a country · Napoleon III installs Archduke Maximillian as emperor of Mexico- violates Monroe Doctrine | · Copperheads 1864: peace Democrats · Election of 1864: Republican party joined with War Democrats to become Union party- thus passed temporarily out of existence |
| Andrew Johnson 1865-1869 < 1 term | Republican | · champion of poor whites against planter aristocrats due to humble beginnings · revered Constitution · agreed with Lincoln’s 10% Reconstr. Plan & that Southern states never left the Union | · 13th Amendment 1865 · Reconstruction Proclamation 1865 · Black Codes 1865 · Civil Rights Bill 1866 · 14th Amendment 1866 · KKK founded 1866 · Tenure of Office Act 1867 · Reconstruction Act 1867 · pardons Confederate leaders 1868 · HOR impeaches b/c broke Tenure of Office Act but not convicted by Senate | · Alaska Purchase 1867 | · National Labor Union 1866 |
| Ulysses S. Grant 1869-1877 2 terms | Republican | · naïve about politics- lead on by much corruption · supported stable currency | · Wyoming grants woman suffrage 1869 · 15th Amendment 1870 · Credit Mobilier scandal · Tweed Ring · Jay Gould-Jim Fisk · Force Acts 1870-71 against KKK · Freedmen’s Bureau ended 1872 · Election of 1873 · Panic of 1873 · Whiskey Ring scandal 1875 · Resumption Act 1875 · Hayes-Tilden standoff 1876 · Compromise of 1877 · Sioux War & Nez Perce War | · recognize dictator Porfirio Diaz in Mexico | · corruption occurred under Johnson’s presidency but was discovered during Grant’s · Knights of Labor organized 1869 · Stalwarts & Half-Breeds organize 1870’s |
| Rutherford Hayes * 1877-1881 1 term | Republican | · sullied by Compromise of 1877- disliked by all | · stops Reconstruction · Bland-Allison Act 1878 · vetoes 1st Chinese Exclusion Act |
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| James A. Garfield * 1881 5 months | Republican | · did not believe in spoils system |
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| · Garfield was shot by a disappointed office seeker, his death created an uproar, leading to reforms |
| Chester A. Arthur 1881-1885 <1 term | Republican | · hated spoils system b/c of Garfield’s assassination | · Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 · Pendleton Act 1883 · Civil Rights cases 1883 |
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| Grover Cleveland * 1885-1889 1 term | Democrat | · supported laissez- faire · “although the people support the gov’t, the gov’t should not support the people” | · Wabash case 1886 · Dawes Severalty Act 1887 · Interstate Commerce Act 1887 · vetoed bill for pensions of veterans of Civil War 1887 | · Haitian revolution 1888-89 | · American Federation of Labor created 1886 |
| Benjamin Harrison * 1889-1893 1 term | Republican | · supported by New England · in favor of Civil War veterans | · Pension Act 1890 · Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890 · Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890 · McKinley Tariff 1890 · The Influence of Sea Power upon History- Alfred Thayer Mahan 1890 · Forest Reserve Act 1891 · Homestead Strike 1892
| · Chilean revolution (U.S.S. Baltimore) | · Populist Party born |
| Grover Cleveland * 1893-1897 1 term | Democrat | · supported sound currency - lead to his downfall | · Depression of 1893 · repeals Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1893 · Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894 · The Carey Act 1894 · Pullman Strike 1894 · Coxey March 1894 | · Hawaiian revolt 1893 · Cuba revolts against Spain 1895 · Britain-Venezuela dispute 1895 · Sino-Japanese War 1894-95 |
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| William McKinley 1897-1901 < 2 terms | Republican | · supported gold & stable currency (deflation) | · Dingley Tariff Bill 1897 · Federal Bankruptcy Act 1898 · Endman Act 1898 · Gold Standard Act 1900 | · Maine explodes 1898 · Spanish-American War 1898 · Teller Amendment 1898 · Hawaii annexed 1898 · Open Door Policy 1899 & 1900 · Boxer Rebellion 1900 | · Anti-Imperalist league founded 1899 |
| Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909 <2 terms | Republican / Progressive | · big stick diplomacy · “Square Deal”- capital, labor, public · use the land intelligently · ran for New Nationalism against Wilson | · Insular Cases 1901-03 · Coal Strike 1902 · Newlands Act 1902 · Dept. of Commerce & Labor created 1903 · Elkins Act 1903 · Northern Securities dissolved 1904 · Lochner v. New York 1905 · Hepburn Act 1906 · Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 · Meat Inspection Act 1906 · Panic of 1907 · Muller v. Oregon 1908 · Aldrich- Vreeland Act 1908
| · Platt Amendment 1901 · Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901 · Panama revolution 1903 · Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty · Roosevelt Corollary · mediates Russo-Japanese War 1905 · Gentleman’s Agreement 1907 · Great White Fleet 1907 · Root-Takahira Agreement 1908
| · rise of Progressivism(La Follete) |
| William H. Taft 1909-1913 1 term | Republican | · mild progressive but more status quo · dollar diplomacy · trust buster | · Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909 · Mann-Elins Act 1910 · Ballinger-Pinchot Dispute 1910 · antitrust suit v. U.S. Steel Corp. 1911 · Establishes Bureau of Mines | · encouraged bankers invest in Far East & Central America · Nicaraguan Revolt, sent Marines to protect Panama Canal 1912
| · no progressives in cabinet · Republicans lose congressional election due to internal divisions · Socialist representative elected ·1911 National Progressive Republican League- La Follete candidate |
| Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921 2 terms | Democrat | · idealist · moral diplomact · New Freedom: breaking up corporations rather than regulating, unregulated/ unmonopolized markets · against social- welfare, pro- competition · believed in Jeffersonian democracy · assault on “triple wall of privilege”- tariff, bank, trusts · “peace without victory” | · 16th Amendment: income tax 1913 · 17th Amendment: direction election of senators · 18th Amendment: prohibition 1919 · Volstead Act 1919 · 19th Amendment:: women suffrage 1920 · Underwood-Simmons Tariff 1913 · Federal Reserve Act 1913 -> Federal Reserve Board · Clayton Anti Trust Act 1914 · Federal Trade Commission Act 1914 · Federal Farm Loan Act (Populist) 1916 · Warehouse Act (Populist) 1916 · Workingmen’s Compensation Act 1916 · Child Labor Act 1916 · Adamson Act 1916 · Draft passed 1917 · Espionage Act 1917 · Sedition Act 1918 · Steel Strike fails, hurts Union 1919 · Red Scare · Rejection of treaty w/ Lodge reservations 1919 · Palmer Raids 1919 · Race Riots 1919 · American Legion founded by TR · Esch- Cummins Transportation Act 1920 · Merchant Marine Act 1920 | · withdraws support to American investors in foreign land 1913 · 1914 Repeals Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912 · orders navy to seize Mexican Vera Cruz port, ABC Powers rescue 1914 · Huerta collapses, Carranza takes over, Pershing sent to capture Pancho Villa, withdrawn 1917 · WWII starts 1914 · Lusitania torpedoed by Uboat 1915 · Arabic sunk 1915 · Sussex Pledge 1916 · Germans declare unlimited sub warfare 1917 · purchased Virgin Islands 1917 · Zimmerman Telegram 1917 · Fourteen Points Address to Congress 1918 · Germans stop fighting 1918 · Versailles Treaty | ·Progressives polled more votes than Democrats but were split · Creel organization spread propaganda. · AfoL supported war, IWW didn’t · Paris Conference- Big Four- Wilson, Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Premier Georges Clemenceau |
| Warren G. Harding 1921-1923 < 1 term | Republican | · isolationist · laissez-faire | · Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act 1921 · Congress ends war · Emergency Quota Act 1921 · Veterans Bureau 1921 · Capper- Volstead Act 1921 · 2 month railroad strike, Attorney General issues sweeping injunction 1922 · Fordney McCumber Tariff law 1922 - degree of flexibility introduced · Forbes steals $200 mill 1923 · Teapot Dome scandal 1923 · Adkins v. Children’s Hospital 1923
| · Disarmament Conference 1921- 1922 · 5 Power Naval Treaty 1922 · 9 Power Treaty 1922 · 4 Power Treaty 1922 | ·Sacco and Vanzetti convicted 1921 · KKK gains power · prohibition -> crimes (Al Capone) · surrounded by “Ohio Gang” · antitrust laws ignored |
| Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929 < 2 terms | Republican | · laissez-faire · New England virtues- honesty, morality, industry, frugality | · Attorney General Daugherty resigns 1924 · Adjusted Compensation Act 1924 · Immigration Act of 1924 · Dawes Plan 1924 · “Monkey trial” 1925 | · Kellog- Briand Pact 1928 | · Coolidge repeatedly vetoes McNary- Haugen Bill |
| Herbert Hoover 1929-1933 1 term | Republican | · believed in voluntarism · Good Neighbor Policy · as a conservative: strongly believed in laissez faire · as a liberal: however, the Depression got so out of hand that he was forced to act | · voluntarism · Great Depression begins 1929-- · Agricultural Marketing Act 1929 · Hawley-Smoot Tariff 1930 · Reconstruction Finance Corporation 1932 · Federal Home Loan Bank Act 1932 · Bonus army marches 1932 | · Young Plan 1929 · Japanese march into Manchuria 1931 · US recognizes Soviet Russia 1933 |
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| Franklin Roosevelt 1933-1945 < 4 terms | Democrat | · as a conservative: to critics, he always stated that he kept the nation from turning communist through his liberal plans: “a conservative in sheep’s clothing” · as a liberal: governmental interference as shown in his New Deal Programs | · “Bank Holiday” 1933 · AAA, TVA. NIRA/NRA 1933 · 20th Amendment- “Lame Duck” 1933 · 21st Amendment: prohibition repealed 1933 · Wheeler-Howard Act 1934 · ERA (WPA, RA, REA, NYA) 1935 · Schechter v. U.S. 1935 (NIRA) · Wagner Act (Labor Relations Board) 1935 · Social Security Act 1935 · U.S. v. Butler 1936 (AAA) · “court packing” attempt 1937 · NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin 1937 (Wagner) · Memorial Day Massacre 1937 · Farm Security Administration 1937 · Fair Labors Standards Act 1938 · Selective Service and Training Act 1940 · March on Washington Movement 1941 · Fair Employment Practices Committee 1941 · National War Labor Board & War Production Board & Office of War Information created 1942 · Manhattan Project started 1942 · Smith-Connally War Labor Dispute Act 1943 · race riots 1943 · Economic Bill of Rights 1944 · War Refugee Board created 1944 · Supreme Court holds legitimacy of Japanese internment camps 1944 · GI Bill of Rights 1944 | · Reciprocal Trade Agreement Acts · Neutrality Act 1935 · Pan-American Conference 1936 · 2nd Neutrality Act 1936 · 3rd Neutrality Act 1937 · China Incident 1937 · Munich Conference 1938 · Nazi Soviet Pact 1939 · repeals embargo to allies 1939 · Lend-Lease Act 1941 · Atlantic Charter 1941 · Greer Incident 1941 · Pearl Harbor 1941 (US enters the war) · Neutrality Act amended 1941 · Bataan “Death March” 1942 · Teheran Conference 1943 · D-Day 1944 · Dumbarton Oaks Conference 1944 · Yalta Conference 1945 · Iwo Jima & Okinawa 1945 | · during times of hardship, communism sounds good to the poor: Dr. Francis Townsend proposes the Old Age Revolving Pension Pan (gov’t gives people of 60+ age $200 and are required to spend it within the month) || Huey Long: “Share Our Wealth Society” (seize all income over $1 million and inheritances over $5 million to provide homesteads and income for the poor) || Father Francis Coughlin: anti-communist, anti-capitalist, anti-Semitic radio preacher · Committee for Industrial Organization created 1935 · AFL and CIO split 1938
· Hitler in Germany 1933 · Batista in Cuba 1934 · Italy invades Ethiopia 1935 · Spanish Civil War 1936
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| Harry S. Truman 1945-1953 <2 terms | Democrat | · 21 point plan: economic message urging extension of unemployment benefits, increase in minimum wage, permanent farm price supports, new public works projects, and much of FDR’s Economic Bill of Rights · Truman Doctrine: US intention to support any people resisting subjugation · containment | · Employment Act of 1946 · Truman Doctrine 1947 · Taft-Hartley Act 1947 · National Security Act 1947 - National Security Council · Alger Hiss case 1950 · Senator McCarthy alleges hundreds of communists in gov’t 1950 · Hydrogen Bomb Project 1950 · McCarran (Internal Security) Act 1950 | · United Nations founded 1945 · Potsdam Conference 1945 · Hiroshima & Nagasaki 1945 · Iran Crisis 1946 · Baruch Plan 1946 · Marshall Plan 1947 · Berlin Airlift 1948 · NATO 1949 · Korean War 1950-1953 | · Israel founded 1948 · Soviets gets A-bomb 1949 · communist take over China 1949 · Iron Curtain Speech by Churchill 1946 |
| Dwight Eisenhower 1953-1961 2 terms | Republican | · warns against “Military-Industrial Complex” to maintain high levels of defense spending at expense of other goals · Eisenhower Doctrine: US intervention on behalf of any Middle East state threatened with Communist take-over | · Julius & Ethel Rosenberg executed 1953 · Termination Policy 1953 · US Air Force Academy created 1954 · Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954 · Joseph McCarthy condemned by Senate 1954 · Rosa Parks 955 · Montgomery Bus Boycott 1956 · Highway Act 1956 · Civil Rights Bill 1957 · troops sent to Little Rock 1957 · NASA created 1958 · National Defense Education Act 1958 | · Bandung Conference 1955 · Eisenhower Doctrine 1957 · Sputnik 1957 · U2 Spy Plane 1960 | · Castro in Cuba 1959 · Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam 1955
· Student Non-violent coordinating committee formed 1960 |
| John F. Kennedy 1961-1963 < 1 term | Democrat | · doctrine of “flexible response” · wanted to solve the “moral issue” | · Trade Expansion Act 1962 · Sends 400 fed. troops to enroll James Meredith at U. of MI 1963 | · meets Kruschev in Vienna 1961 · Alliance for Progress (Marshall Plan for Latin America) · orders increase in troops in South Vietnam 1961 · Bay of Pigs 1961 · Cuban Missile Crisis | · construction of Berlin Wall begins 1961 · reputation way over blown, most of his programs did not past until his assassination · encourage SNCC inaugurate Voter Edu. Project (register blacks to vote) · MLK Jr. “March on Washington” 1963 |
| Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-1969 < 2 terms | Democrat | · liberal -> semi conservative senator -> liberal president · “Great Society”- Aid to edu., Medical care, Immigration reform, New voting rights bill | · Gideon v. Wainwright 1963 · Civil Rights Act of 1964 - creates Equal Employment Opportunity Commission · Creation of Dep. Of Transportation & Dep. Of Housing & Urban Dev. - names first black secretary Weaver · 24th Amendment 1964 · Medicare, Medicaid for elderly and poor 1965 · Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 · Voting Rights Act of 1965 · Griswold v. CT 1965 · uses CIA to spy on domestic, FBI against peace movement 1967
| · Tonkin Gulf Resolution 1964 · Sends troops to Dominican Republic to restore order 1965 · Orders attacking troops to land in Vietnam 1965 · Tet Offensive 1968 · Announce gradual shift of responsibility on S. Vietnamese & freeze US troop levels 1968 | · Blank Panther party + SNCC = “black power” · 6 day war- Israel v. Egypt · MLK Jr. killed 1968
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| Richard M. Nixon 1969-1974 < 2 terms | Republican | · New Federalism · Vietnamization | · Roe v. Wade 1973 · Watergate Scandal 1972 · Burger court 1969 · 5 year plan to distribute 30 million to states 1972 · Occupational Safety & Health Act 1970 · Clean Air Act 1970 · Pentagon Papers 1971 · Federal Election Campaign Act 1972
| · Nixon Doctrine 1969 · invades Cambodia w/out consulting Congress 1970 (withdraws troops after 2 months) · Senate repeals Gulf of Tonkin resolution 1970 · 26th Amendment 1971 · visits China then Moscow 1972 - Great Grain Deal, Anti- Ballistic missile treaty, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks · War Powers Act 1973 |
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| Gerald R. Ford 1974-1977 < 1 term | Republican | · chosen for office b/c no hint of scandal · tax cuts to stimulate business · against spending for social programs |
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| Jimmy Carter 1977-1981 1 term | Democrat | · sought to conduct presidency on democratic and moral principles · very green in politics and often conflicted with Congress · sought to base foreign policy on human rights but criticized for lack of American goals | · gave amnesty to draft dodgers · established Departments of Energy and Education · civil service merit based · protected 100 million acres of Alaska from development | · Panama Canal treaty 1978 · officially recognized People’s Republic of China and ended official recognition of Taiwan 1979 · SALT II 1979 · Camp David Accords · Iranian Hostage Crisis 1979 |
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| Ronald Reagan 1981-1989 2 terms | Republican | · more power to states · advocated “traditional” values · favored increase of defense spending · supply-side economics | · Economic Recovery Tax Act 1938 · SDI · Tax Reform Act 1986 · Black Monday | · Iran Contra 1986 |
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| George H. Bush 1989-1993 1 term | Republican |
| · Americans with Disabilities Act 1990 · Clarence Thomas becomes supreme court judge: Anita Hill scandal · 27th Amendment 1992: prohibited congressional pay raises from taking effect until an election had seated a new session of Congress | · Tiananmen square massacre · Communism falls: Berlin Wall falls, Soviet Union divides: Cold War ends · START II accord · Mandela becomes president · Persian Gulf crisis 1989 · Operation Desert Storm 1991 | |
| William Clinton 1993-2001 | Democrat | · advocated an end to the ban on gays and lesbian in the armed services | · “don’t ask, don’t tell” · Hillary Clinton appointed to redesign medical-service industry but fails · deficit-reduction bill in 1993 · Brady Bill 1993 · World Trade Center bombed · Oklahoma City bombing | · peace keeping mission in Somalia · improves China relations · NATO peacekeeping contingent 1995 · North American Free Trade Agreement 1993 · presided over reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians 1993 |